A22 Churchill Tank in World War II

Dimensions: Length: 24 ft. 5 in.Width: 10 ft. 8 in.Height: 8 ft. 2 in.Weight: 42 tons Armor Armament (A22F Churchill Mk. VII): Primary Gun: 75 mm gunSecondary Armament: 2 x Besa Machine GunsArmor: .63 in. to 5.98 in. Engine: Engine: 350 hp Bedford twin-six gasolineSpeed: 15 mphRange: 56 milesSuspension: Coiled SpringCrew: 5 (commander, gunner, loader, driver, co-driver/hull gunner) A22 Churchill - Design Development The origins of the A22 Churchill can be traced back to the days prior to World War II. In the late 1930s, the British Army began seeking a new infantry tank to replace the Matilda II and Valentine. Following the standard doctrine of the time, the army specified that the new tank be capable of traversing enemy obstacles, attacking fortifications, and navigating the shell-cratered battlefields that were typical of World War I. Initially designated the A20, the task of creating the vehicle was given to Harland Wolff. Sacrificing speed and armament to meet the armys requirements, Harland Wolffs early drawings saw the new tank armed with two QF 2-pounder guns mounted in side sponsons.  This design was altered several times, including fitting either a QF 6--pounder or a French 75 mm gun in the forward hull, before four prototypes were produced in June 1940.   These efforts were halted following the British evacuation from Dunkirk in May 1940. No longer needing a tank capable of maneuvering through World War I-style battlefields and after assessing Allied experiences in Poland and France, the army retracted the A20 specifications. With Germany threatening to invade Britain, Dr. Henry E. Merritt, director of Tank Design, issued a call for a new, more mobile infantry tank. Designated the A22, the contract was given to Vauxhall with orders that the new design be in production by the end of the year. Frantically working to produce the A22, Vauxhall designed a tank that sacrificed appearance for practicality. Powered by Bedford twin-six gasoline engines, the A22 Churchill was the first tank to utilize the Merritt-Brown gearbox. This allowed the tank to be steered by changing the relative speeds of its tracks. The initial Mk. I Churchill was armed with a 2-pdr gun in the turret and 3-inch howitzer in the hull. For protection, it was given armor ranging in thickness from .63 inches to 4 inches. Entering production in June 1941, Vauxhall was concerned about the tanks lack of testing and included a leaflet in the user manual outlining existing problems and detailing practical repairs to mitigate the issues. A22 Churchill - Early Operational History The companys concerns were well founded as the A22 was soon beset with numerous problems and mechanical difficulties. Most critical of these was the reliability of the tanks engine, which was made worse due to its inaccessible location. Another issue was its weak armament. These factors combined to give the A22 a poor showing at its combat debut during the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid. Assigned to the 14th Canadian Tank Regiment (Calgary Regiment), 58 Churchills were tasked with supporting the mission.  While several were lost before reaching the beach, only fourteen of those that made it ashore was able to penetrate into the town where they were quickly stopped by a variety of obstacles. Nearly canceled as a result, the Churchill was rescued with the introduction of the Mk. III in March 1942. The A22s weapons were removed and replaced with a 6-pdr gun in a new welded turret. A Besa machine gun took the place of the 3-inch howitzer. A22 Churchill - Needed Improvements Possessing a significant upgrade in its anti-tank capabilities, a small unit of Mk. IIIs performed well during the Second Battle of El Alamein.  Supporting the attack of the 7th Motor Brigade, the improved Churchills proved extremely durable in the face of enemy anti-tank fire. This success led to the A22-equipped 25th Army Tank Brigade being dispatched to North Africa for General Sir Bernard Montgomerys campaign in Tunisia. Increasingly becoming the primary tank of British armored units, the Churchill saw service in Sicily and Italy. During these operations, many Mk. IIIs underwent field conversions to carry the 75 mm gun used on the American M4 Sherman. This alteration was formalized in the Mk. IV. While the tank was updated and modified several times, its next major overhaul came with the creation of the A22F Mk. VII in 1944. First seeing service during the invasion of Normandy, the Mk. VII incorporated the more versatile 75mm gun as well as possessed a wider chassis and thicker armor (1 in. to 6 in.). The new variant employed welded construction rather than riveted to reduce weight and shorten production time. Additionally, the A22F could be converted into a flamethrower Churchill Crocodile tank with relative ease. One issue that did arise with the Mk. VII was that it was underpowered. Though the tank had been built larger and heavier, its engines were not updated which further reduced Churchills already slow speed from 16 mph to 12.7 mph. Serving with British forces during the campaign in northern Europe, the A22F, with its thick armor, was one of the few Allied tanks that could stand up to German Panther and Tiger tanks, though its weaker armament meant that it had difficulty defeating them. The A22F and its predecessors were also renowned for their ability to cross rough terrain and obstacles that would have stopped other Allied tanks. Despite its early defects, the Churchill evolved into one of the key British tanks of the war. In addition to serving in its traditional role, Churchill was frequently adapted into specialist vehicles such as flame tanks, mobile bridges, armored personnel carriers, and armored engineer tanks. Retained after the war, the Churchill remained in British service until 1952.

The Is The Most Practical Way Of Reproductive Cloning

Young Nguyen Tamara Nicoll Honors Freshman English 14 March 2015 Title For thousands of years, humans have been some sort of virus to Earth, destroying habitats, and causing millions of different species to go extinct, for example, the dodo. After all of the destruction we caused, scientists have found a way to reverse it, to a certain extent. The fantasy of bringing back extinct species is now a reality. There have been cases of scientists successfully bringing back an extinct species. Cloning for de-extinction should be widely accepted, scientist proper tools, good reasons, and they have already cloned a few species. There are a few ways in which cloning can be achieved, one of which is somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT. SCNT has become the most practical way of reproductive cloning. Although the success of somatic cell nuclear transfer is very low, 0.1% - 0.5%, the few successes in cloning have been with the use of SCNT. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique that transfers the nucleus of a cell into the cytoplasm of another cell which has n o nucleus. Once inside the egg, the nucleus is reprogrammed by egg cytoplasmic factors to become zygote nucleus, a fertilized egg. Since the nucleus holds all the DNA, or the directions for life, the cell will proceed to grow into the organism of which the nucleus came from. Scientists needs more than just a method of cloning to bring back an extinct species. They need an intact DNA strand, and the longer a species has beenShow MoreRelatedEthical Justification Of Moderate Hesc Policy1601 Words   |  7 Pagesof research on spare embryos from IVF as opposed to their disposal, and one that allows for the use of Nuclear Transfer for the purpose of therapeutic cloning as long as the eggs are obtained from willing donors, though a policy that does not permit the production of human embryos strictly for research besides in the context of therapeutic cloning. This policy can be justified through the logic of Kantian Ethics, John Harris’s, â€Å"Stem Cells, Sex, and Procreation,â⠂¬  John P. Lizza’s, â€Å"Potentiality andRead MoreHuman Cloning And Its Legality1347 Words   |  6 PagesHuman cloning is the creation of genetically identical or modified copy of a human. Human cloning is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. The possibility of human cloning has raised complications. These ethical concerns have provoked several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning and its legality. The common types of cloning is Gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning is the process in which a gene is located and copied out of DNA extractedRead MoreWhen You Hear The Words Human Cloning, What Comes To Mind?1483 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you hear the words human cloning, what comes to mind? The process of giving life to a being identical to one’s self. Or the method of reproduction that gives hope to those who have none through the established ways. Well, this may come as a shock to either side, but it is, and always will be an unnatural method of becoming a parent, and one that is not, and must not be accepted in human society. What is cloning you ask? Cloning is the process of creating multiple copies of D.N.A fragments, MoleculesRead MoreCloning : An Controversial Article Titled Experimental Genetic And Human Evolution Promoting Human Cloning2487 Words   |  10 PagesRohini Krishnan Professor Sara Goering PHIL 242 21st November 2014 Reproductive Cloning Joshua Lederberg’s controversial article titled â€Å"Experimental Genetic and Human Evolution† promoting human cloning, published in the 60’s sparked the widespread debate on cloning that would continue for decades to come. 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Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a branch of philosophy, which bases its understanding of right action on consequences. More precisely, an act is considered right if it creates the most happiness (pleasure), and the least pain, for the greatest number of people affected by that action. In this way, utilitarianism is sometimes called a moral calculus. A utilitarian approach to cloning would lookRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering2181 Words   |  9 Pagesuntil now genetic engineering and cloning has been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has led to significant advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Newer techniques in genetic engineering have enabled scientists to clone more complex mammals and opened up the possibility of cloning humans. 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Current medical technology suggestsRead MoreHuman Values And The And Science Impact On Our Health, Lives, Society And Environment2049 Words   |  9 Pagesthe last 21 years to describe the investigation and study of ways in which advance in medicine and science impact upon our health, lives, society and environment. Bioethics is concerned with questions about basic human values and the rightness or wrongness of certain developments in life technology and medicine. These days w hen technology advancement allowed scientist to conduct test which may have â€Å"uncertain† consequences like Cloning. It’s necessary that people should know the pros and cons ofRead MoreEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning2440 Words   |  10 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted because

Iroquois and African Bushmen Essay Example For Students

Iroquois and African Bushmen Essay The Iroquois are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. The African Bushmen, are the indigenous people of southern Africa. They have completely different religions, and completely different traditions. The African Bushmen and the Iroquois both believe that their people lived somewhere else before they came to earth. The African Bushmen believed that they were deep underground. Their god is named Kaang (Kang), and he is the Great Master and Lord of All Life. Iroquois believe that they were originally from the sky. Their god is the Sky Woman, a sky person who had fallen to earth. In contrast, The African Bushmen were already a race of people, but they just lived underground. Their god, Kaang, created a gigantic, wondrous tree, with branches stretching over the entire country. At the base of the tree he dug a hole, reaching down into the world where all the people and animals lived. They lived in perfect harmony. The People and animals climbed out of the hole, and inhabited the earth’s surface. The Iroquois, on the other hand, were originally a race of sky people. They lived on a giant island in the sky. Nobody ever died, and nobody was ever born. One day, one of the many sky women explained to her husband that she was pregnant with twins. The husband was super enraged. He grabbed her up, and threw her off the side of the island, plummeting far down to the earth below. She landed in the water, and some birds caught her, and flew her to the back of a turtle, who used his shell to built a land mass to live on. Eventually, she had her two sons, Flint and Sapling. Flint stood for all that was evil, and Sapling was the good one. They fought to the death, and Sapling won. In summary, They are two different races, with two different cultures, from two different parts of the world.

Why Migration cannot be a Basic Human Right

Table of Contents Introduction Migration in the 21st Century Why the Right to Free Migration is Unrealistic Migration for all as a Realistic Ambition Discussion Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Migration has always been a part of human culture and since prehistoric times, people have relocated from one geographical region to the other. This movement is often encouraged by the desire to seek better opportunities or to escape from undesirable conditions in one’s native region.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migration cannot be a Basic Human Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Migration has gained significant importance in the 21st century where globalization has increased the movement of people across nations. It has become one of the key issues in recent times with the number of migrants all over the world increasing significantly each year. While the international community acknowledges the right of individuals to move, countries have adopted migration policies that are meant to limit movement. This raises the question whether every person can enjoy the freedom of movement enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that people should be free to move between nations. This paper will seek to show that the right to migrate is not a realistic part of everyone’s basic Human Rights due to the significant adverse effects of unregulated migration. Migration in the 21st Century A major characteristic of the modern world is the high level of integration and interaction among individuals of varying nationalities and cultures. This phenomenal increase in global interaction has been catalyzed by the globalization phenomenon that has led to major integration of culture and economies.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The great transportation and communi cation advances made in the last century have increased made migration a major feature of globalization. According to Duvell, almost one billion people move across borders or boundaries due to some social-political-economical reason (24). The United Nations has acknowledged the individual right of movement with Article 13-2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stating, â€Å"Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country† (Pà ©coud and Guchteneire 69). However, in spite of this declaration which promotes free movement, individual countries have restrictive immigration policies that are aimed at dissuading people from moving into the country. In addition to this, some nations have shown a bias towards certain migrant groups based on race or labor skills. This restrictive nature of migration has been prompted by a number of legitimate issues that make the right to free migration for all an unrealistic ambition. Why the Righ t to Free Migration is Unrealistic Migration has led to unnecessary tensions between immigrants and the local populations. When migrants move to a host country in large numbers, they set up micro-communities that are different from the dominant communities. This might disrupt the social cohesion enjoyed by most nations. In France, the native French society has refused to accept the large Muslim North African community that already makes up 8% of the country’s population (Esman 1). The same situation happens in other European countries where the Natives refuse to accept some migrant groups as fellow countrymen. Many countries are keen to maintain the cultural and ethnic integrity of their populations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migration cannot be a Basic Human Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This need to maintain cultural and ethnic integrity has been the cause of major strives including i ncidents of xenophobia in some countries where the local population feels threatened by the increasing migrant population. International migration often involves movement across cultures, religions, and language boundaries. Ewing states that the migrant population is collectively identified as â€Å"ethnic minorities† in the host country (118). This identification marks them off as different from members of the dominant culture and official policies encourage this differentiation. These tensions can be avoided altogether is migration is reduced or stopped entirely. With this realization, many nations have tried to ensure that the migrant population remains significantly low and therefore does not lead to tensions with the native population. Unregulated migration can have a negative effect on the economic and social welfare of the host country. Duvell expresses concerns that migration might result in a strain on the available public funds (25). When people migrate to a new cou ntry, they expect to receive some social services such as health care and education from the host country. Since these services are subsidized by the government, the migrants will cause an additional financial burden to the country. In the cases where the migrants are unable to obtain gainful employment, the government will have to offer welfare services.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the negative economic impacts of migration, developed countries are keen to ensure that migration happens in a way that produces the maximum benefit for the host country. This means coming up with migration policies that allow for the movement of people who will bring some economic value to the receiving nation and restrict the movement of individuals who will not benefit the host nation The financial burden of migration also arises from the significant resources that nations have to dedicate to preventing illegal immigration. European countries such as Italy and Spain have been forced to deploy naval vessels to stop the boatloads of illegal immigrants coming from North Africa (Duvell 24). Australia has also been forced to deploy ships to stop migrants from Asian countries from making their way to the country. The US has had to increase surveillance along its border with Mexico. Many armed guards have been posted on this border to prevent illegal immigrants from making their way into the US. This project has cost billions of dollars and significant human resources. Migration does not occur uniformly and developed countries receive the largest percentage of international immigrants. Anthony elaborates that migration to developed nations is encouraged by the negative (push) stresses in the home region of the individuals from the developing nations and the positive (pull) attractions in the form of economic opportunities and political stability in the developed nations (900). According to Duvell the number of people living in a country other than that of their birth will have increased to 230 million by the year 2030 (25). Most of these migrants will have moved to the developed nations, which are the favorite destinations for most international migrants. There is a relationship between migration and increased crime in the host country. While migrants are of varying socioeconomic backgrounds, there has been an increase in the number of unskilled individuals migrating to Western countries. Research indicates that in some counties, there is an overrepresentation of migrants in the criminal justice system (De Genova 422). In some cases, this has led to migrants being targeted by the local population and blamed for insecurity and crime. The relationship between migrants and increased crime has led to the perception that unregulated migration is a major threat to international security. The negative impacts of migration on developed nations have led to contemporary migration being referred to as a â€Å"problem† by many nations. Pà ©coud and Guchteneire state that for most nations, migration is a threat that they need to protect themselves against (70). Migration for all as a Realistic Ambition The right to migrate in the contemporary world can be made a basic Human Right since the world is moving towards freedom from all forms of discrimination. Discrimination has been the main hindrance to migration rights for most individuals. C anada officially maintained a â€Å"White Canada† policy up until 1962 when this policy was abandoned (Bashi 598). The policy was abandoned since it was deemed discriminatory and unjust. This shift enabled non-white individuals to immigrate to the country and gain citizenship. Presently, immigration is not enjoyed by all individuals due to the bias by most developed countries. Bashi acknowledges that there is a racism element in the immigration policies of Western nations (598). The Western countries show a preference for white immigrants while non-white immigrants are discriminated against. It can be expected that as discriminatory practices become less prevalent, the right to migrate will be guaranteed for all individuals. The globalization phenomenon has led to greater economic and cultural integration among people. Mass media has contributed to an overall cultural homogenization with many cultures borrowing aspects of each other. Kearney documents that the media has helpe d replace the previously strong sense of â€Å"the other† with a weak sense of â€Å"the others† (p. 555). As the interaction between people of different cultures increases, cultural diffusion will occur. The differences that lead to tension between migrants and the native population will reduce thereby making migration for all realizable. However, it should be noted that the cultural diversity still exists even when migrants embrace the majority culture. While globalization has led to increase in cultural homogenization, most migrants still make the effort to preserve their local identities. Esman notes that many migrant communities attempt to maintain their local culture and traditions in the host country (5). Discussion While the rate of migration is expected to increase significantly over the coming decade, it is unrealistic to expect that it will one day be a part of everyone’s basic human rights. Governments cannot allow everybody to migrate freely due to the many negative impacts of migrations. The right to free migration might be ideal but it is an unrealistic goal so long as there are major socioeconomic differences among nations all over the world. Free migration will lead to a heavy influx of migrants into the wealthy nations. This movement will be unsustainable and it will lead to significant tensions and economic difficulties for the host nation. The restrictive nature of contemporary migration policies is necessary to avoid the many adverse effects of mass migration by people from developing countries. Conclusion This paper set out to show that the right to migrate is not a realistic part of everyone’s basic Human Rights. It began by acknowledging that migration has become one of the most important issues facing the world today. It has demonstrated that migration does not occur uniformly and developed nations receive the largest share of migrants. This migrants cause a number of significant negative effects on the host country including cultural tensions, economic burdens, and increased crimes. The paper has shown that while the United Nations guarantees every person’s right to free movement, the right to migration is not a realistic part of everyone’s basic Human Rights since it is unsustainable and will lead to many negative effects. Works Cited Anthony, W. David. â€Å"Migration in Archaeology: The Baby and the Bathwater.† American Anthropologist 92.4 (1990): 895-914. Web. Bashi, Vilna.†Globalized Anti-Blackness: Transnationalizing Western Immigration Law, Policy, and Practice.† Racial and Ethnic Studies 27.4 (2004): 584-606. Web. De Genova, Nicholas. â€Å"Migrant ‘Illegality’ and Deportability in Everyday Life.† Annual Review of Anthropology 31.1 (2002): 419-447. Web. Duvell, Franck. â€Å"Globalization of Migration Control: A Tug-of-War? between Restrictionists and Human Agency?† Crossing Over: Comparing Recent Migration in the Uni ted States and Europe. Ed. Holger Henke. London: Lexington Books, 2005. 23-46. Print. Esman, J. Milton. â€Å"Introduction and Chapters 1 and 2.† Diasporas in the Contemporary World. Ed. Cohen Robin. NY: Routledge, 2009. 1-21. Print. Ewing, Katherine Pratt. â€Å"Migration, Identity Negotiation, and Self-Expression.† Worlds on the Move: Globalization, Migration, and Cultural Security. Eds. Jonathan Friedman and Shalini Randeria. London: Taurus, 2004. 117-140. Print. Kearney, Michael. â€Å"The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism.† Annual Review of Anthropology 24.1 (1995): 547-565. Web. Pà ©coud, Antoine and Guchteneire Paul. â€Å"International Migration, Border Controls and Human Rights: Assessing the Relevance of a Right to Mobility.† Journal of Borderlands Studies 21.1 (2006): 69-86. Web. This essay on Why Migration cannot be a Basic Human Right was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.